arXiv:2610.00294v2 Announce Type: replace-cross

Abstract: Localized lesion evidence may improve automated acne severity grading, but detector errors and differences in clinical grading criteria can limit generalization. We evaluated LENS-GRF, a lesion evidence network with permutation-invariant aggregation and gated residual fusion that combines a global Vision Transformer with lesion-region embeddings derived from YOLO11s proposals. Fully automated four-class grading was evaluated on 292 held-out ACNE04 images and, without external adaptation, on 200 PLSBRACNE01 participants represented by 600 facial views. Annotation-assisted inference used registered lesion boxes from three dermatologists in a matched subset of 148 participants. Performance measures included accuracy, macro-averaged precision, sensitivity, and one-versus-rest specificity. Paired comparisons used exact McNemar tests with Holm adjustment. On ACNE04, automated LENS-GRF achieved 80.82% accuracy, 78.80% macro precision, 78.92% sensitivity, and 92.78% specificity. With supplied lesion boxes, internal accuracy averaged 95.89% across three seeds. On the full external cohort, automated LENS-GRF achieved 35.00% accuracy, compared with 42.50% for an independently trained global baseline. External macro precision, sensitivity, and specificity for LENS-GRF were 50.52%, 34.31%, and 78.19%, respectively. In the matched subset, accuracy using Doctor A's lesion annotations was 47.97%, compared with 35.14% for automated inference (unadjusted $p = 0.0094$; Holm-adjusted $p = 0.0846$). Strong internal performance with supplied lesion annotations did not translate into reliable automated grading on the external cohort. More reliable lesion detection, modelling that accounts for differences in grading criteria, and independent validation are needed before clinical use.