arXiv:2601.16863v2 Announce Type: replace

Abstract: Switch Transformers scale MoE model capacity by routing tokens in memory for one jointly trained model, requiring high-bandwidth interconnects, large memory, centralised ownership, and lack scalable composability. We propose Mixture-of-Models (MoM) architecture as Switch Transformer scaling to semantic level which composes inference across independently trained distributed LLMs, each run on its own GPU. The models reach joint consensus using N-Way Self-Evaluating Deliberation protocol: a combination of social-choice methods such as Delphi method and Quadratic Voting as well as Inference-Time scaling paradigm. We start with an empirical model that characterizes consensus as an inference-time trade-off between signal extraction and contextual noise accumulation, establishing a mathematical basis for convergence driven inference stopping strategies. We show experimental results where ensemble of smaller (<21B) models matches closely 120B MoE (GPT-OSS-120B) on AIME 2025 while larger ensemble of open-weight models reaches 90.0%, close to proprietary models at time of writing.